India has reiterated its position that all permanent members of a reformed United Nations Security Council must have veto power for as long as the provision exists. New Delhi has opposed proposals to create a separate category of permanent members without the same privileges as the existing five permanent members.
India’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Ambassador Parvathaneni Harish, outlined the country’s position during a debate on veto powers at the UN General Assembly on October 26.
India argued that granting permanent membership without veto rights would create unequal categories within the Council rather than address the existing imbalance in its decision-making structure.
India opposes unequal permanent membership
India said that any expansion of the Security Council should ensure that all permanent members enjoy equal rights and responsibilities.
In his statement, Harish said that a new category of permanent members, whether with or without veto powers, would complicate an already difficult reform process and risk reinforcing existing inequalities.
He also argued that creating long-term or permanent positions without veto rights would effectively leave the new members with second-class status, without fundamentally changing the decision-making influence of the existing permanent members.
India’s position is aligned with the Common African Position on Security Council reform, according to the statement delivered by its representative.
India calls for comprehensive UN Security Council reforms
India has called for a broader reform process that addresses the Council’s membership categories, veto powers, regional representation, size and working methods.
Harish said negotiations should begin at the earliest, with clearly defined timelines and milestones. India also called for text-based negotiations, which would allow member states to work towards a formal negotiating text.
India maintained that addressing veto powers in isolation would not be sufficient to change the Council’s existing decision-making dynamics.
The country has long called for an expansion of both permanent and non-permanent membership, arguing that the Council’s structure should reflect contemporary geopolitical realities rather than the international order established after the Second World War.
India highlights concerns over the use of veto power
India also stressed that veto power carries significant responsibility and should be exercised with restraint, particularly on matters concerning international peace and security.
Harish said the veto should not become an instrument of narrow political expediency.
According to his statement, the veto had been exercised 331 times on around 200 resolutions over the United Nations’ history. He also noted that most vetoes, or threats to use them, had come from three of the five permanent members.
India further highlighted what it described as an effective or de facto veto, in which the practice of consensus can allow a single Council member to block certain proposals, including presidential statements, press statements and decisions of sanctions committees.
The Indian representative argued that such practices can obstruct decisions without a formal veto being cast.
Which countries currently hold veto power?
The UN Security Council has 15 members, including five permanent members and 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms.
The five permanent members are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. They hold veto power under the Council’s existing voting arrangements.
Under Article 27 of the UN Charter, substantive decisions require at least nine affirmative votes, including the concurring votes of the permanent members, subject to the applicable rules on abstentions.
India’s latest statement reiterates that any future expansion of permanent membership should not create a new group of permanent members with fewer rights than the existing five.
The country has called for comprehensive negotiations to reform the Council’s composition and decision-making system.