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PNB scam: Here’s how Mehul Choksi and Nirav Modi orchestrated India’s biggest banking fraud

The arrest of Mehul Choksi has brought back focus on the Rs 14,000 crore PNB scam involving Nirav Modi and a network of fake credit guarantees.

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PNB scam

By Mohammad Javed Rasheedi

The arrest of fugitive businessman Mehul Choksi in Belgium has once again turned attention to one of India’s most significant financial frauds—the Punjab National Bank (PNB) scam. The Rs 14,000 crore fraud, which came to light in 2018, involved Choksi and his nephew Nirav Modi, who colluded with bank officials to illegally obtain credit guarantees using forged documents.

Choksi, who was reportedly living in Antwerp with his wife after securing residency in Belgium in late 2023, was arrested on April 12 from a hospital. His detention follows extradition efforts by Indian authorities, including the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Enforcement Directorate (ED), who have been pursuing him for years.

What was the PNB scam?

The fraud involved fraudulent issuance of Letters of Undertaking (LoUs) at PNB’s Brady House branch in Mumbai. Choksi’s firm, Gitanjali Gems and other entities linked to Nirav Modi, used these LoUs to obtain credit from foreign banks—far exceeding regulatory norms. These guarantees, worth thousands of crores, were issued without proper sanctions, security, or entries in the bank’s core system.

Investigations revealed that Choksi and Modi used the SWIFT network to communicate with overseas banks without updating PNB’s internal banking software, thereby bypassing oversight. This led to an estimated Rs 6,344 crore loss to PNB alone, as multiple Indian banks including SBI and Axis Bank released funds based on the fraudulent LoUs.

Timeline of the scam’s discovery

The scam began unravelling in early 2018 when employees from companies like Diamonds R Us, Solar Exports and Stellar Diamonds requested LoUs and were denied due to lack of margin security. Upon further checks, PNB discovered that such requests had been routinely granted in the past without collateral.

PNB filed a complaint with the CBI on January 29, 2018, naming Nirav Modi, Mehul Choksi and other accomplices, including bank officials. The initial fraud amount stood at Rs 280.7 crore but ballooned to over Rs 14,000 crore within months.

Nirav Modi first received a fraudulent LoU in March 2011 and went on to obtain over 1,200 such guarantees. The ED found that dummy companies abroad were used to funnel money and devices used for these transactions were allegedly destroyed by Nirav’s brother, Nehal Modi.

Modi fled India before formal charges were filed, applied for bankruptcy protection in New York in 2018, and was arrested in London in March 2019. He continues to fight extradition to India.

Mehul Choksi was declared a fugitive in early 2018 and fled India citing medical issues. He acquired Antiguan citizenship in 2017 and later tried to flee to Cuba in 2021. He was intercepted in Dominica and later returned to Antigua. He then reportedly moved to Belgium for medical treatment, where he was arrested following India’s renewed extradition request.

The Enforcement Directorate has seized assets worth Rs 2,362 crore linked to Choksi, spread across Thailand, Dubai, Japan, the US, and other locations. Coordination is ongoing with international authorities to recover and repatriate more assets.

India News

Amit Shah praises Dharmendra Pradhan’s resignation, says Nation above post

Amit Shah hailed Dharmendra Pradhan’s resignation as Union Education Minister, saying BJP places the nation and students above any position while highlighting the government’s commitment to examination reforms.

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Amit Shah

Union Home Minister Amit Shah on Saturday praised Dharmendra Pradhan’s decision to step down as Union Education Minister, saying the move reflected the Bharatiya Janata Party’s commitment to placing the nation and students above any political position.

In a post on X, Shah said that for BJP workers, the country, its youth and students are more important than any office. He described Pradhan’s resignation as an example of the party’s guiding principle of prioritising national interest over personal ambition.

Shah highlights government’s focus on exam reforms

Amit Shah said the Narendra Modi-led government respects the sentiments of students and remains committed to strengthening the examination system following concerns over alleged paper leaks.

He said the Centre has introduced strict measures to ensure severe punishment for those involved in examination paper leaks and expressed confidence that these steps would deliver justice to students who cleared the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET).

Praises Pradhan’s work as Education Minister

Recalling Dharmendra Pradhan’s tenure, Shah highlighted several initiatives undertaken during his time in the Education Ministry. He credited Pradhan with helping implement the National Education Policy (NEP), expanding PM SHRI schools, promoting digital education, strengthening skill development and improving coordination between industry and academic institutions.

Shah also said Pradhan worked towards making examinations more inclusive and student-centric, adding that his tenure reflected his commitment to the vision of a developed India.

Resignation follows NEET controversy

Dharmendra Pradhan’s resignation comes amid nationwide protests over alleged irregularities in the NEET examination and growing demands for accountability.

The resignation has triggered political reactions across party lines. While opposition parties have described the development as a result of sustained student protests, BJP leaders have projected it as an example of accountability and commitment to national interest.

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Assam flood death toll rises to 66, over 6.5 lakh people still affected

Assam’s flood situation improved slightly on Saturday, but more than 6.54 lakh people remain affected in six districts. Four fresh deaths have pushed the state’s flood toll to 66.

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Assam floods

The flood situation in Assam showed marginal improvement on Saturday, though the disaster continued to impact more than 6.54 lakh people across six districts. Four more deaths were reported during the day, taking the total number of fatalities in this year’s floods to 66.

According to the Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA), three of the latest deaths were reported from Sivasagar district, while one person lost their life in Charaideo.

The number of affected people declined from over 7.05 lakh across nine districts on Friday to 6,54,800 across six districts on Saturday, indicating a gradual improvement in the overall situation.

Sivasagar remains the worst-hit district

Among the affected districts, Sivasagar continues to be the worst hit, with nearly 2.9 lakh people impacted by the floods. Charaideo follows with around 1.9 lakh affected residents, while more than 1.3 lakh people remain affected in Jorhat.

The other districts still facing flood-related challenges are Dibrugarh, Golaghat and Nagaon.

Relief operations continue across affected areas

The ASDMA said the state administration is operating 274 relief camps and aid distribution centres across the affected districts. Around 18,902 displaced people are currently taking shelter at these facilities.

The latest daily bulletin also stated that floodwaters have inundated 810 villages across the state, while 34,970.8 hectares of agricultural land have suffered damage.

Rivers flowing above danger level

The floods have also damaged embankments, roads, bridges and other public infrastructure in several areas.

Authorities said the Dikhou River in Sivasagar and the Dhansiri River at Numaligarh are flowing above the danger level, and officials continue to closely monitor the situation.

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UP Government forms new SIT led by 3 IPS officers to probe Ayodhya Ram Temple donation theft

The Uttar Pradesh government has formed a new SIT led by three IPS officers to investigate the alleged Ram Temple donation theft case in Ayodhya following Supreme Court directions.

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Ram Mandir

The Uttar Pradesh government has reconstituted a Special Investigation Team (SIT) headed by IG Kiran S, with DIG Somen Verma and SSP Dr Gaurav Grover as members, to investigate the alleged theft of donations meant for the Ram Temple in Ayodhya. 

The move comes after directions from the Supreme Court, which sought a reconstituted investigation team to ensure an independent and comprehensive probe into the allegations.

The newly formed SIT is expected to continue the investigation and submit a status report before the Supreme Court on July 27.

Senior IPS officers to lead the probe

According to the state government, the investigation will now be supervised by senior IPS officers.  The revamped SIT has been tasked with examining all aspects of the alleged embezzlement of temple donations and carrying the investigation forward.

The Supreme Court had observed that criminal investigations and technical examination of theft-related cases are more effectively handled by experienced police officers, leading to the reconstitution of the SIT under senior IPS leadership.

Probe to continue under court supervision

The case relates to the alleged embezzlement of offerings (chadhava) donated by devotees at the Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Temple in Ayodhya.

The Supreme Court is monitoring the investigation and will review the SIT’s status report at the next hearing.

Authorities are expected to continue examining evidence collected during the earlier stages of the investigation as the newly constituted SIT proceeds with the case.

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