Air pollution should be treated as a major public health emergency requiring an urgent and coordinated response, former World Health Organisation (WHO) Chief Scientist Dr Soumya Swaminathan has said.
In an exclusive interview, Dr Swaminathan compared the scale of the air pollution health crisis with COVID and said its effects can extend across the body, including the brain, lungs and cardiovascular system. She also highlighted links between pollution exposure and conditions such as asthma and diabetes.
Why air pollution needs a COVID-like response
Dr Swaminathan said COVID triggered an immediate public response because it was sudden, visible and associated with an unknown virus. Air pollution, by contrast, is often less visible and its effects accumulate over time.
She said people may become accustomed to pollution because it is not always visible, particularly outside the winter months. But she stressed that prolonged exposure can still cause serious health damage.
She called for the issue to receive an “equal, urgent, coordinated and scientific” response, similar to the approach taken during the COVID crisis.
PM2.5 poses risks from pregnancy to childhood
Dr Swaminathan also highlighted concerns about exposure to fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, among pregnant women and children.
According to her, these tiny particles can enter the lungs and bloodstream and may also reach the placenta. She pointed to higher rates of premature births and low birth weight among babies born in areas where mothers are exposed to high levels of air pollution.
She also said children are particularly vulnerable because their brains and other organs are developing rapidly. Children breathe faster than adults, and those growing up in heavily polluted areas can have smaller lungs, she said.
Why AQI may not tell the full health story
Dr Swaminathan suggested moving beyond the conventional Air Quality Index (AQI) towards an Air Quality Health Index (AHQI).
The proposal would place greater emphasis on how individual pollutants affect different groups of people. She noted that the dominant pollutant can vary from one city to another, while its health impact may also differ for groups such as pregnant women and children.
The current AQI uses eight major pollutants as parameters: PM10, PM2.5, ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead and ammonia. The overall AQI is determined by the highest pollutant sub-index.
Swaminathan does not favour shutting schools
On protecting children from polluted air, Dr Swaminathan said she was not in favour of simply closing schools.
She argued that children from poorer families may continue breathing polluted air at home, while also losing access to education, social interaction and midday meals.
Instead, she suggested making school environments cleaner. Her proposals included installing air purifiers in classrooms, providing pick-and-drop bus facilities and encouraging older children to wear masks when outdoors.
Five measures suggested to tackle pollution
Dr Swaminathan outlined five key measures for addressing the pollution crisis:
- Launch a national clean air programme, which she suggested could be called the “Swachh Vaayu Abhiyan”.
- Prepare a costed, long-term plan with sustained investment and study lessons from countries such as China.
- Establish empowered leadership and accountability for tackling air pollution.
- Create a panel of experts to develop a science-based, multi-sectoral and multi-year plan.
- Put health at the centre of air pollution policy.
She also supported treating the right to clean air as a basic public health entitlement, linking it to the constitutional right to life.
Dr Swaminathan’s central argument was that air pollution should no longer be treated as a slow-moving or routine environmental problem, but as a serious health crisis requiring sustained action.