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Supreme Court allows sub-classification of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes for reservation, overrules 2005 judgment

SC overruled its 2005 judgment of EV Chinnaiah Vs State of Andhra Pradesh.

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The Supreme Court on Thursday allowed the sub-classification of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into different groups based on their inter se backwardness for reservation benefits, overruling its 2005 judgment of EV Chinnaiah Vs State of Andhra Pradesh.

A Constitutional bench of seven judges headed by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud with a 6:1 majority overruled the 2005 judgment, which states that only the President has the power to notify the inclusion or exclusion of a caste as a Scheduled Castes, and the State cannot tinker with the list under Article 341 of the Constitution.

The Chinnaiah verdict had also held that any sub-classification of the Scheduled Castes would violate Article 14 of the Constitution.

Chief Justice Chandrachud noted that Scheduled Castes are not an integrated or homogenous group.

The other judges are B R Gavai, Vikram Nath, Bela M Trivedi, Pankaj Mithal, Manoj Misra, and Satish Chandra Sharma. Justice Bela Trivedi dissented from the majority and ruled that such sub-classification is not permissible.

Pronouncing its majority judgment, the bench said that the members of SCs and STs are not able to climb up the ladder due to the systemic discrimination faced by them. The Apex Court said that under Article 14, sub-classification of caste is permitted.

The Court noted that out of 25 castes, only 9 are Scheduled Castes in Madhya Pradesh. Asserting that the Court noted that sub-classification of SCs and STs by states will not violate Article 341.

The Top Court also said that it has not found anything in Articles 15, 16, and 341 that prevents sub-classification for SCs, adding that the Court said states can sub-classify for the inadequate representation of some classes.

The Court asserted that when a state sub-classifies, it should be backed up by empirical information and should not be based on whims, and to meet political ends.

One of the seven judges, Justice Gavai said that the state must frame a policy to identify the creamy layer among the SCs and STs category and take them out of the fold of affirmative action and the Court noted that this is the only way to gain true equality.

Another judge of the Constitutional bench, Justice Vikram Nath was of the view that the creamy layer principle applicable to OBCs should apply to SCs and STs but the criteria for excluding the creamy layer for the purpose of affirmative action could be different from that of OBCs.

Chief Justice and Justice Manoj Misra held the same opinion. Justices Gavai, Nath, Mithal, and Sharma agreed with the Chief Justice regarding the States’ power to sub-classify SCs based on supporting empirical data. They also suggested that the creamy layer principle should apply to SCs/STs. Justice Trivedi delivered the sole dissenting opinion on the seven-judge Bench.

   

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Omar Abdullah hits back at BJP over Rs 100 crore legal notice, says party is hiding behind court

Omar Abdullah has responded to the BJP’s Rs 100 crore legal notice, accusing the party of avoiding political debate and announcing legal action against BJP leaders.

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Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah on Monday responded sharply after receiving a Rs 100 crore legal notice from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), accusing the party of avoiding a political confrontation by taking the matter to court.

The BJP’s notice demands that Abdullah either apologise or provide evidence to support his allegation that BJP leaders had offered between Rs 20 crore and Rs 30 crore to National Conference (NC) legislators to persuade them to switch sides.

Omar Abdullah calls legal notice a ‘love letter’

Speaking to reporters in Srinagar, Abdullah said he had received an electronic copy of the legal notice and described it as a “love letter” from the BJP.

He said he viewed the notice as a sign that the BJP considered him a significant political opponent.

“I am perhaps the only politician who has been bestowed with a ‘love letter’ like this by the BJP. I consider this a mark of respect that I am obviously a political force they cannot ignore,” Abdullah said.

Says BJP chose court over political response

Abdullah criticised the BJP for pursuing legal action instead of responding politically to his allegations.

He said he deliberately made the remarks at a political event rather than in the Assembly, where statements are protected from legal challenge, because he expected a political rebuttal.

According to Abdullah, the BJP’s decision to approach the court reflected its style of handling political disputes.

National Conference to initiate legal action

The Chief Minister also announced that the National Conference would begin issuing legal notices to BJP leaders in Jammu and Kashmir over what he described as unfounded and defamatory allegations against his party.

He said senior BJP leaders had been making slanderous remarks against the National Conference over the past few months and that the party would now respond through legal channels.

Abdullah added that the National Conference would serve legal notices to those leaders and see how the legal process unfolds.

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PM Modi to visit Punjab on July 17, launch railway projects as BJP prepares for solo poll battle

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit Punjab on July 17 to inaugurate the redeveloped Jalandhar Cantonment Railway Station and launch key railway projects as the BJP prepares to contest future elections independently in the state.

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit Punjab on July 17 to inaugurate and lay the foundation for multiple railway projects, marking his first visit to the state since the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) decided to contest future elections independently in Punjab.

During the visit, the Prime Minister will inaugurate the redeveloped Jalandhar Cantonment Railway Station, which has been modernised under the Centre’s Amrit Bharat Station Scheme. The 110-year-old station is among 75 railway stations across the country scheduled to be inaugurated as part of the government’s railway modernisation programme.

The redevelopment aims to improve passenger amenities, enhance station accessibility and transform railway stations into modern transport hubs.

New train service between Jalandhar and Varanasi

Apart from inaugurating the upgraded station, PM Modi will also lay the foundation stone for the Shri Guru Ravidass Ji Maharaj Express, a new train service connecting Jalandhar and Varanasi.

Named after Guru Ravidass Ji Maharaj, the train is intended to strengthen connectivity between Punjab and Varanasi, where the revered saint spent a significant part of his life. Guru Ravidass is widely respected for promoting equality and social justice, and his teachings continue to hold special significance in Punjab, particularly among the Scheduled Caste community.

Visit comes amid changing political landscape

The Prime Minister’s visit comes at a time when political activity has intensified in Punjab ahead of the upcoming Assembly elections.

The BJP recently announced that it would contest future elections in Punjab without entering into alliances, making this visit politically significant as the party seeks to strengthen its independent presence in the state.

Party leaders have projected the visit as development-focused, highlighting infrastructure initiatives and improved connectivity. In social media posts, Punjab BJP leaders welcomed the Prime Minister and described the visit as an important occasion for the state.

Security and preparations underway

Authorities have stepped up preparations for the Prime Minister’s programme in Jalandhar. Security arrangements are being reviewed while logistical preparations at the railway station are underway to ensure the smooth conduct of the visit.

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Rs 1,160 crore rice diversion case widens, 56 mills and 22 ethanol plants under investigation

Authorities have expanded the alleged Rs 1,160 crore government rice diversion investigation, bringing 56 rice mills and 22 ethanol plants under scrutiny over suspected misuse of subsidised rice meant for ethanol production.

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Government agencies have widened their investigation into an alleged Rs 1,160 crore rice diversion case, bringing 56 private rice mills and 22 ethanol plants across 17 districts under scrutiny. The probe is focused on determining whether subsidised government rice allocated for ethanol production was diverted through private mills instead of being used for its intended purpose.

Investigation expands after truck found at private rice mill

The investigation began after a truck transporting government rice from a Food Corporation of India (FCI) warehouse to an ethanol plant was allegedly found inside a private rice mill. What initially appeared to be an isolated incident has now expanded into a multi-district probe involving 17 seized trucks, over 50 witness statements and multiple accused.

Authorities are trying to establish how much of the nearly 5 lakh metric tonnes of government rice supplied to ethanol plants was actually converted into ethanol and whether a portion of it was diverted before returning to government warehouses.

Alleged circular trade under investigation

Investigators suspect that subsidised rice supplied to ethanol plants at around Rs 2,320 per quintal may have been sold to private rice mill operators at higher prices instead of being processed into ethanol.

According to the investigation, the rice was allegedly repacked by private mills and deposited back into government warehouses as custom-milled rice. Officials are also examining whether the original paddy supplied for milling was sold separately in the open market or transported to other states, potentially allowing multiple profits from the same stock.

Authorities believe the alleged arrangement, if established, could have enabled financial gains at several stages while avoiding actual ethanol production.

Officials examining monitoring failures

The investigation is also looking into whether lapses in monitoring or possible collusion allowed government rice to re-enter official warehouses without proper verification.

Officials are checking whether rice previously released under the ethanol scheme was accepted again as newly milled stock through the custom milling system.

Police register FIR, arrest four accused

Balaghat Superintendent of Police Aditya Mishra said the case began after authorities received information about three trucks carrying government rice from FCI warehouses to the AVJ Agrico ethanol plant. During a joint inspection by Revenue, Food and Police officials, one truck was allegedly found inside Sancheti Rice Mill, leading to the registration of an FIR for cheating.

A Special Investigation Team (SIT) comprising 20 to 25 members was subsequently formed.

According to the police, investigators have so far:

  • Arrested four people
  • Identified more than 13 accused
  • Recorded statements of over 50 witnesses
  • Issued notices to 56 rice mills
  • Seized 17 trucks
  • Obtained non-bailable warrants against two individuals

Police said the investigation remains ongoing and further action will be taken based on new evidence.

Production records and transport data under verification

Investigators are comparing FCI dispatch records with ethanol production data, transport logs, warehouse receipts and custom milling records.

Authorities are also examining production capacity, electricity consumption, machinery usage and raw material records at ethanol plants to verify whether the quantity of rice supplied matches actual ethanol output.

Similar verification is underway at rice mills to determine whether their claimed milling operations correspond with electricity consumption, labour deployment and machinery records.

Use of fortified rice raises additional questions

The case has drawn additional attention because the grain under scrutiny was fortified rice, which is enriched with iron, folic acid and Vitamin B12 to help address anaemia and malnutrition among children, pregnant women and adolescent girls.

Investigators are examining why fortified rice was supplied for ethanol production when distilleries generally use broken rice as feedstock. They are also looking into whether FCI followed stock rotation norms while allocating rice under the scheme.

Collector sought wider scrutiny

Confidential communications from the Balaghat Collector reportedly recommended verification of whether rice released for ethanol production actually reached the designated plants. The Collector also sought scrutiny of the allocation process, transportation chain, utilisation certificates and the roles of FCI officials, ethanol companies, transporters and rice mill owners.

The investigation currently covers nearly 5 lakh metric tonnes (50 lakh quintals) of government rice, valued at approximately Rs 1,160 crore at the subsidised allocation price.

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