Latest Science News
NASA rover finds ancient Mars had ingredients for life

NASA’s Curiosity Rover has found large amounts of organic compounds on the surface of Mars and seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane in findings that mark some of the strongest evidence yet that Earth’s neighbour may have harboured life.
The discovery has been reported in the journal Science by NASA’s Jennifer Eigenbrode and an international team of scientists. They used Discovery’s Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument to examine samples that had been gathered from Mars’ Gale crater using a drill that can probe 5 cm below the surface, reported PhysicsWorld.
The Rover drilling into mudstone that was laid down 3.5 bn years ago at the bottom of Gale crater, which is supposed to have been a Martian lake, found molecules of sulphur-rich thiophenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, and aliphatic hydrocarbons such as propane just 2 inches or 5 cm below the surface.
While the presence of these molecules does not prove that life once existed on the red planet, the discovery suggests that conditions on Mars could have been like those here on Earth when life first emerged more than 3 bn years ago.
Curiosity also measured an unexpectedly large seasonal cycle in the low levels of atmospheric methane. About 95 percent of the methane in Earth’s atmosphere is produced from biological activity, though the scientists said it is too soon to know if the Martian methane also is related to life.
Earlier findings reported last year said Mars was more habitable than Earth in the early phase of solar system, about 4 bn to 3 bn years ago.
This is not the first time that Curiosity has detected organic molecules, but previous measurements were considered unreliable because of possible sample contamination and unwanted chemical reactions.
While such organic compounds could have been produced by ancient life – or could have provided a food source for ancient organisms – it is also possible that the molecules were created in the complete absence of life. “Curiosity has not determined the source of the organic molecules,” explains Eigenbrode.
Apparently barren and devoid of life today, scientists believe that Mars may have once been a more hospitable environment. Data gathered by Curiosity in 2015 suggests that the Gale Crater was once home to streams and lakes of liquid water. Now, scientists know that some of this water contained molecules that could be associated with life.
NASA associate administrator Thomas Zurbuchen says the agency wants to keep searching for signs of life on Mars. “With these new findings, Mars is telling us to stay the course and keep searching for evidence of life.”
In a second paper in Science, NASA’s Christopher Webster and an international team describe how they have used instruments on-board Curiosity to measure a seasonal variation in methane levels in the Martian atmosphere. The study, which ran for three Martian years (about five Earth years), found that methane concentration in the summer was nearly three times higher than in the winter. Webster and colleagues say that the variation cannot currently be explained by processes known to occur on Mars.
“What the organic detections in the rock do is to add to the story of habitability. It tells us that this ancient environment on Mars could have supported life,” Eigenbrode said. “Everything that was needed to support life was there. But it doesn’t tell us that life was there.”
Christopher Webster, an atmospheric science research fellow at NASA‘s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, said it is possible existing microbes are contributing to the Martian atmospheric methane, said a report by news agency Reuters.
“With this new data, we again cannot rule out microbial activity as a potential source,” Webster said.
The amount of methane peaked at the end of summer in the northern hemisphere at about 2.7 times the level of the lowest seasonal amount.
The scientists were surprised to find organic compounds, especially in the amounts detected, considering the harsh conditions, including bombardment of solar radiation on the Martian surface. After drilling, Curiosity heats the rock samples, releasing the compounds.
Referring to the findings regarding organic compounds and methane, Webster said, “They hint at an earlier time on Mars when water was present and the existence of primitive life forms was possible.”
The scientists hope to find better preserved organic compounds with Curiosity or other rovers that would allow them to check for chemical signatures of life.
India News
Global warming to impact flow of Ganga, Brahmaputra: UN chief Antonio Gutteres
Global warming will likely impact the flow of major Himalayan rivers like the Ganga (Ganges), Brahmaputra and the Indus, the United Nations has warned.

Global warming will likely impact the flow of major Himalayan rivers like the Ganga (Ganges), Brahmaputra and the Indus, the United Nations has warned.
Speaking at an event on the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said that major Himalayan rivers like the Indus, the Ganges and Brahmaputra will feel the impact of glaciers and ice sheets continuing to recede over the coming decades and will have their flow reduced, majorly.
He said the world has already seen how Himalayan melts have worsened flooding in Pakistan, adding that rising sea levels combined with saltwater intrusion will decimate large parts of these huge deltas.
Guterres stressed on the critical importance of glaciers—which today cover 10 percent of the earth’s surface— for life on earth as the massive ice bodies carved out landmasses for human sustenance over millennia
The UN chief expressed concern over human activity driving the planet’s temperature to dangerous new levels and “melting glaciers are the canary in the coalmine”.
Antarctica is losing an average of 150 billion tons of ice mass every year while the Greenland ice cap is melting even faster – losing 270 billion tonnes per year.
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In Asia, 10 major rivers originate in the Himalayan region, supplying freshwater to 1.3 billion people living in its watershed.
Antonio Guterres was speaking at the event held on the margins of the UN 2023 Water Conference – formally known as the 2023 Conference for the Midterm Comprehensive Review of Implementation of the UN Decade for Action on Water and Sanitation (2018-2028) – currently underway at UN Headquarters.
The conference which is co-hosted by Tajikistan and the Netherlands will result in a summary of proceedings from the UNGA President that will feed into the 2023 session of the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development.
A day before the UN Water Conference, the ‘United Nations World Water Development Report 2023: partnerships and cooperation for water’ published by the UN Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) said that around 80% of people living under water stress lived in Asia; in particular, northeast China, as well as India and Pakistan.
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Latest Science News
Elon Musk’s SpaceX eyes for its first orbital launch to reach Mars via spacecraft, here’s the first glimpse | WATCH
In September 2019, Musk had announced that SpaceX aimed to fly people to Mars by 2024. The Starship spacecraft will be capable of carrying about 100 people at a time and the company aimed to launch its first orbital test flight within the next six months, Musk had also said during his presentation.

Elon Musk’s SpaceX is looking for its first orbital launch to reach Mars via spacecraft. The billionaire founder, who has revolutionised commercial space travel, has now released a simulation of what the journey to Mars will look like.
This will be real in our lifetime, Musk tweeted after releasing the Martian simulation.
Last week, the billionaire had released the details about the development of Starship, the world’s most powerful rocket ever built.
Standing alongside the 390-foot (119-meter) rocket at SpaceX’s Texas spaceport, Musk had also said let’s make this real! This is really some wild stuff here. In fact, hard to believe it’s real.
In September 2019, Musk had announced that SpaceX aimed to fly people to Mars by 2024. The Starship spacecraft will be capable of carrying about 100 people at a time and the company aimed to launch its first orbital test flight within the next six months, Musk had also said during his presentation.
Elong Musk has estimated that the Starship launch could wind up costing less than $10 million.
From the beginning of the year 2022, the SpaceX has been ramping up operations with its workhorse Falcon-9. The company has also been launching Starlink constellations and cargo to the International Space Station.
Latest Science News
Stephen Hawking birth anniversary: Google Doodle pays tribute to legendary scientist
Hawking is mainly known for his theories on black holes. He revolutionized the modern physics with his theories on origins and mechanics of the universe. His intellectual and curiosity about new things, earned him a nickname Einstein.

Stephen Hawking the legendary scientist and theoretical physicist would be celebrating his 80th birth anniversary. To mark the special day, search engine company Google paid tribute to the English cosmologist and author with a two and half minutes long animated video on their homepage.
Born in Oxford, England, Stephen Hawking was fascinated by the universe from a very young age. However, Hawking was diagnosed with a rare disease named neurodegenerative when he was just 21 years old. The disease slowly forced him to sit on a wheelchair. As the time passed, he started losing his voice and after a while he lost his speech. Therefore, he started to communicate through a speech generating device, which was invented by himself. Google describes the legendary scientist as ‘one of history’s most influential scientific minds’.
Hawking is mainly known for his theories on black holes. He revolutionized the modern physics with his theories on origins and mechanics of the universe. His intellectual and curiosity about new things, earned him a nickname Einstein.
In 1965, Hawking defended his PhD thesis on ‘Properties of Expanding Universe’ at the Cambridge University. The revolutionary theory presented that space and time originated from a singularity.
Here are some of the best quotes by Stephen Hawking
- One, remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Two, never give up work. Work gives you meaning and purpose and life is empty without it. Three, if you are lucky enough to find love, remember it is there and don’t throw it away.
- Quiet people have the loudest minds.
- Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.
- The victim should have the right to end his life, if he wants. But I think it would be a great mistake. However bad life may seem, there is always something you can do, and succeed at. While there’s life, there is hope.
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