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DNA test suggests mussel peston Cochin coast to be invasive foreigner

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~By Kollegala Sharma

Marine biologists at the Cochin University of Science and Technology have found that a heavily fouling mussel growing in backwaters of Cochin harbour could be a foreigner species.

Comparing the genome of the mussel with an international genetic database as well as with DNA of other species of mussels, they have concluded that the mussel seen near the shores of Cochin harbour is more like Mytilopsis sallei, which is found in the Lam Tsuen River in Hong Kong.

Biofouling is excessive growth of marine animals on structures and ships and is of great economic nuisance.  Extensive biofouling could weaken foundations of the harbour and ship hulls. Unabated fouling can make ships heavier and difficult to manoeuvre.  If it happens in the ballast filled with water, it could damage pumps and other machinery too.

Mussels, especially the Mytilopsis species are the prominent among the list of biofouling agents. The others are marine algae, microorganisms and corals.

A massive population of Mytilopsissp. was first noticed on wooden materials partially submerged in the water, in Ezhupunna region of Vembanad Lake, according to the researchers. The lake is several kilometres inland.  The population density was as high as 780 individuals growing in one square meter.  Their bulk weight and ability to grow together in large numbers means fouling by them could weigh down even heaviest of ships.

Mytilopsis sallei, also known as black striped mussel is a well known invasive mussel and has been known to populate strange seas across the world since 16th Century by riding on seafarer ships.

Dr. P.R. Jayachandran, M. Jima, Philomina Joseph, V.F. Sanu, and Dr.S. BijoyNandan (L to R)

Dr. P.R. Jayachandran, M. Jima, Philomina Joseph, V.F. Sanu, and Dr.S. BijoyNandan (L to R)

“In India, Mytilopsisspecies were recorded from Visakhapatnam harbour during the 1960s for the first time and then from Mumbai harbour in 1975. Our study records their presence in the south-west coast of India for the first time,” said Dr Jayachandran, a member of the research team.

In order to confirm if the species is Mytilopsis or not, the team took samples of DNA from five specimens and compared them with unique DNA portions or sequences of Mytilopsissallei from the Lam Tsuen River, and also with an Asian mussel Congeriakusceri.  It is difficult to distinguish between the two merely from their looks.

“The sequences of M sallei exhibited 0% intraspecific divergence which confirms that the sequence from Cochin mussels clearly matched with those from Lam Tsuen River, Hong Kong, thus confirming  bioinvasion of M sallei in the Cochin backwaters,” the study notes.

“The results confirm that it is one of the several Mytilopsisspecies, if not Mytilopsissallei.We can’t surely say that our specimen is Mytilopsis sallei, because many researchers believe that the Indian and other Asian population, including the Lam Tsuen River species, are indeed Mytilopsis adamsi and is wrongly labelled as Mytilopsis sallei,” said Jayachandran. That requires matching the sequences with the mussels that are native to Guatemala. That data is not available now.

In any case, mussels growing offshore in the backwaters of Cochin are surely not local. “This species is highly tolerant to salinity and temperature variations. Eradicating marine invasion is an extremely difficult.  A similar invasion in the harbour of Darwin islands required 2.2 million Australian dollars to chemically clean the water,” the study said.

India does not have adequate control measures to avoid marine pest or fouler intrusion except using antifouling paints on ships, and these antifouling paints are marine pollutants.

The research team included Dr PR Jayachandran, M Jima PhilominaJoseph, VF Sanu, and S BijoyNandan. The study has been published in Current Science. (India Science Wire)[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]

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Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla to meet PM Modi after return from historic space mission

Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla, who recently returned from the ISS as part of the Axiom-4 mission, will meet PM Modi this evening. Parliament will also hold a special discussion on his historic journey.

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Indian astronaut Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, the first Indian to visit the International Space Station (ISS), will meet Prime Minister Narendra Modi this evening at his official residence in New Delhi.

PM Modi to host meeting with astronaut

According to officials, the meeting at 7 Lok Kalyan Marg is expected to take place between 5 pm and 5:30 pm. Shukla, who arrived in India on Sunday, will also be part of the National Space Day celebrations scheduled for August 23.

Warm welcome in India

The astronaut was greeted at the airport by his family, Science and Technology Minister Jitendra Singh, Delhi Chief Minister Rekha Gupta, and hundreds of citizens waving the national flag. Shukla had been in the United States for a year, preparing for the Axiom-4 mission, which launched from Florida on June 25 and docked at the ISS the next day. He served as the mission’s pilot.

Emotional note from Shukla

Before his return, Shukla shared an emotional post on Instagram, expressing mixed feelings of leaving his space colleagues while being eager to meet his loved ones and people of India. He also quoted a song from the film Swades, which he had chosen as his anthem on the launch day.

Parliament session on India’s space journey

In honour of Shukla’s mission, the Lok Sabha is holding a special session today to discuss “India’s first astronaut aboard the ISS – critical role of space programme for Viksit Bharat by 2047.” Union minister Kiren Rijiju said the discussion would highlight the importance of India’s space achievements and future goals.

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Shubhanshu Shukla pens emotional note as he returns to India after space mission

Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla penned an emotional Instagram post as he returned to India after his 18-day ISS mission, marking a milestone in India’s space journey.

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Indian astronaut Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla has shared an emotional Instagram post as he heads back home after completing his 18-day mission aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

Astronaut reflects on mixed emotions

In his heartfelt message, written from the aircraft, Shukla expressed the whirlwind of emotions he felt while leaving behind his fellow astronauts, who had been his family during the mission. “As I sit on the plane to come back to India, I have a mix of emotions running through my heart. I feel sad leaving a fantastic group of people behind who were my friends and family for the past year during this mission. I am also excited about meeting all my friends, family and everyone in the country for the first time post mission. I guess this is what life is — everything all at once,” he wrote.

Acknowledges support and inspiration

The astronaut thanked everyone for the love and support he received throughout his journey. He also recalled the words of his commander Peggy Whitson, saying, “Goodbyes are hard, but we need to keep moving in life. As my commander Peggy Whitson fondly says, ‘The only constant in spaceflight is change’. I believe that applies to life as well.”

Shukla ended his note with a line from the song Yun Hi Chala Chal from the film Swades, reflecting his spirit of resilience.

Link to India’s space ambitions

Shukla’s return comes at a crucial time as India advances its space programme. Prime Minister Narendra Modi had earlier mentioned that the astronaut would soon return and that he was tasked with documenting his training and ISS stay. This record will serve as a valuable reference for Gaganyaan, India’s first human spaceflight mission.

Over the past year, Shukla trained extensively at NASA, Axiom, and SpaceX facilities. His flight to the ISS as part of the Axiom 4 mission marked a milestone in India’s preparations for future human space exploration.

The Gaganyaan project aims to send Indian astronauts into orbit aboard an indigenous rocket. The government has also outlined plans for a Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035 and a crewed mission to the moon by 2040.

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Shubhanshu Shukla becomes second Indian in space, lifts off for ISS aboard Axiom-4 mission

Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla becomes the second Indian astronaut to travel to space after four decades, aboard the Axiom-4 mission to the International Space Station.

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Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla of the Indian Air Force has etched his name in history as the second Indian astronaut to travel to space. Launching aboard the SpaceX Crew Dragon on the Axiom-4 mission, Shukla began his journey from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, from the very launchpad that propelled Neil Armstrong’s Apollo 11 moon mission in 1969.

Four decades after Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian to journey into space in 1984, Shukla’s mission marks a monumental milestone for India’s space ambitions. Speaking ahead of the mission, Shukla expressed the emotional weight of the moment, saying, “I carry with me not just instruments and equipment, but the hopes and dreams of a billion hearts.”

A multinational crew on a scientific journey

Group Captain Shukla is joined by Commander Peggy Whitson from the US, Slawosz Uznanski-Wisniewski from Poland, and Tibor Kapu from Hungary. The four-member crew is on a mission to the International Space Station (ISS), where they are scheduled to arrive after a 28-hour journey and dock around 4:30 pm tomorrow.

The fortnight-long mission includes the execution of 60 scientific experiments, with seven of them designed by Indian researchers. Shukla is also expected to engage in an interaction with a VIP from space during the mission, adding a special human touch to this scientific voyage.

A mission delayed, but not denied

The Axiom-4 launch had faced multiple delays due to unfavorable weather and technical complications. June 25 finally saw the successful launch, marking NASA’s sixth official date announcement for the mission.

Before lift-off, Shukla shared a heartfelt message with his family: “Just wait for me, I’m coming.” The Indian pilot had been under quarantine for over a month in preparation, ensuring he was in optimal health for the journey.

As the spacecraft orbits Earth en route to the ISS, India watches with pride and anticipation, inspired once again by the courage of its space pioneers.

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