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DNA test suggests mussel peston Cochin coast to be invasive foreigner

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~By Kollegala Sharma

Marine biologists at the Cochin University of Science and Technology have found that a heavily fouling mussel growing in backwaters of Cochin harbour could be a foreigner species.

Comparing the genome of the mussel with an international genetic database as well as with DNA of other species of mussels, they have concluded that the mussel seen near the shores of Cochin harbour is more like Mytilopsis sallei, which is found in the Lam Tsuen River in Hong Kong.

Biofouling is excessive growth of marine animals on structures and ships and is of great economic nuisance.  Extensive biofouling could weaken foundations of the harbour and ship hulls. Unabated fouling can make ships heavier and difficult to manoeuvre.  If it happens in the ballast filled with water, it could damage pumps and other machinery too.

Mussels, especially the Mytilopsis species are the prominent among the list of biofouling agents. The others are marine algae, microorganisms and corals.

A massive population of Mytilopsissp. was first noticed on wooden materials partially submerged in the water, in Ezhupunna region of Vembanad Lake, according to the researchers. The lake is several kilometres inland.  The population density was as high as 780 individuals growing in one square meter.  Their bulk weight and ability to grow together in large numbers means fouling by them could weigh down even heaviest of ships.

Mytilopsis sallei, also known as black striped mussel is a well known invasive mussel and has been known to populate strange seas across the world since 16th Century by riding on seafarer ships.

Dr. P.R. Jayachandran, M. Jima, Philomina Joseph, V.F. Sanu, and Dr.S. BijoyNandan (L to R)

Dr. P.R. Jayachandran, M. Jima, Philomina Joseph, V.F. Sanu, and Dr.S. BijoyNandan (L to R)

“In India, Mytilopsisspecies were recorded from Visakhapatnam harbour during the 1960s for the first time and then from Mumbai harbour in 1975. Our study records their presence in the south-west coast of India for the first time,” said Dr Jayachandran, a member of the research team.

In order to confirm if the species is Mytilopsis or not, the team took samples of DNA from five specimens and compared them with unique DNA portions or sequences of Mytilopsissallei from the Lam Tsuen River, and also with an Asian mussel Congeriakusceri.  It is difficult to distinguish between the two merely from their looks.

“The sequences of M sallei exhibited 0% intraspecific divergence which confirms that the sequence from Cochin mussels clearly matched with those from Lam Tsuen River, Hong Kong, thus confirming  bioinvasion of M sallei in the Cochin backwaters,” the study notes.

“The results confirm that it is one of the several Mytilopsisspecies, if not Mytilopsissallei.We can’t surely say that our specimen is Mytilopsis sallei, because many researchers believe that the Indian and other Asian population, including the Lam Tsuen River species, are indeed Mytilopsis adamsi and is wrongly labelled as Mytilopsis sallei,” said Jayachandran. That requires matching the sequences with the mussels that are native to Guatemala. That data is not available now.

In any case, mussels growing offshore in the backwaters of Cochin are surely not local. “This species is highly tolerant to salinity and temperature variations. Eradicating marine invasion is an extremely difficult.  A similar invasion in the harbour of Darwin islands required 2.2 million Australian dollars to chemically clean the water,” the study said.

India does not have adequate control measures to avoid marine pest or fouler intrusion except using antifouling paints on ships, and these antifouling paints are marine pollutants.

The research team included Dr PR Jayachandran, M Jima PhilominaJoseph, VF Sanu, and S BijoyNandan. The study has been published in Current Science. (India Science Wire)[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]

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ISRO-NASA mission: Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla to be 2nd Indian to travel to space, 40 years after Rakesh Sharma

Nair serves as the contingency astronaut, ready to step in should Shukla be unable to proceed.

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Group Captain Subhanshu Shukla is poised to become the first Indian in four decades to journey into space, with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) designating him as the ‘primary’ astronaut for the inaugural ISRO-NASA mission to the International Space Station, anticipated to commence after October this year.

On Friday, ISRO announced the selection of Shukla, 39, and Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair, 48, for the Axiom-4 mission, appointing Shukla as the ‘prime’ astronaut, implying his primary role in traveling to the ISS. Nair serves as the contingency astronaut, ready to step in should Shukla be unable to proceed.

To date, Rakesh Sharma remains the sole Indian to have ventured into space, having done so in 1984 as a wing commander aboard a Soviet spacecraft. Shukla and Nair are among four Indian Air Force officers chosen for India’s pioneering manned space mission, Gaganyaan, slated for a tentative launch next year.

According to an ISRO official, the duo will engage in eight weeks of mission-specific training. The Axiom-4 mission, orchestrated by private space enterprise Axiom Space in collaboration with NASA, will be propelled by a SpaceX rocket. Joining Shukla will be three astronauts from Poland, Hungary, and the United States. This mission is the result of an accord between New Delhi and Washington during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s U.S. visit last year.

The Axiom-4 spacecraft will remain affixed to the ISS for a duration of 14 days, ferrying not just astronauts but also cargo and supplies to the station. A launch date has not been pinpointed. According to NASA’s website, the mission is planned for no earlier than October 2024, but Poland’s space agency recently suggested the mission could slip into next year. Shukla is a fighter pilot from Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh and was commissioned into the IAF in 2006.

He has spent more than 2,000 hours on many IAF fighter jets, including Sukhoi-30 MKIs, MiG-21s, MiG-29s, Jaguars, Hawks, Dorniers, and the AN-32 aircraft. Nair, who won the Sword of Honour at the Air Force Academy, was commissioned into the IAF in 1998. A category ‘A’ flying instructor and test pilot, having flown over 3,000 hours, he is an alumnus of the United States Staff College and has commanded a Sukhoi-30 squadron.

The Gaganyaan mission of India draws on the experience and expertise gained from the Indian astronauts’ experiences with the ISS mission. “This is a collaborative effort between the two countries with the United States, and it benefits both,” said Somanath, chairman of ISRO, in 2023. “Training in the US and the subsequent discussions will enhance a lot in designing our Gaganyaan mission.”

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President Droupadi Murmu launches India’s first homegrown CAR T-cell therapy for cancer treatment

The gene-based therapy, which is developed by the IIT Bombay and Tata Memorial Centre, is being rolled out in India at about one-tenth of its price outside the country.

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President Droupadi Murmu on Thursday launched India’s first indigenously-developed CAR T-cell therapy, a gene-based therapy, for cancer treatment, hailing it as a breakthrough that provides new hope for humankind in the battle against the diseases.

Speaking at the launch event at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Murmu said the indigenous development of the CAR T-cell therapy was an example of the Make in India initiative.  

The gene-based therapy, which is developed by the IIT Bombay and Tata Memorial Centre, is being rolled out in India at about one-tenth of its price outside the country, as per the senior official.

In CAR T-cell therapy, a patient’s T-cells, which is a type of immune system cell or stem cell, are modified in the laboratory and inserted back into the patient to attack and destroy cancer cells after editing the stem cell.

The NexCAR19 CAR T-cell therapy, the country’s first Made in India CAR T-cell therapy, is expected to bring down the cost of treatment significantly.

During her speech, Murmu said that this therapy is considered a phenomenal advance in medical sciences. The development of this therapy is also an example of the Make in India initiative and speaks volumes about Indian scientists and physicians, she added.

The launch of India’s first gene therapy is a significant breakthrough in the battle against cancer. As this line of treatment, named CAR T-cell therapy, is accessible and affordable, it provides a new hope for the whole of humankind, President Murmu further added.

The Tata Memorial Centre director Sudeep Gupta said the CAR T-cell therapy was enormously expensive and out of the reach of an overwhelming majority of people.

Asserting that, he said NexCar19 needs to be custom manufactured for every patient under the most stringent conditions, but it has been rolled out at approximately one-tenth of the price at which it is available outside India.

The treatment costs approximately Rs 4 crore abroad against Rs 30 lakh in India, said IIT Bombay director Prof Subhasis Chaudhuri.

He further said that the low-cost CAR T-cell therapy was a huge achievement for the country and cancer patients, and places India firmly on the global map of cell and gene therapy.

Comparing the achievement of Chandrayaan-3 with CAR T-cell therapy, Chaudhuri asserted that CAR-T cell therapy heralds India’s entry into the cell and genetic engineering group.

The Tata Memorial Centre director Gupta said the treatment will help some 20,000 Indians every year, and its rollout is a milestone in the field of cancer care and genetic engineering.

He added the CAR T-cell was not only a scientific achievement of the highest order but also had immense practical application. NexCAR19 will save many, many lives and wipe many, many tears, he emphasised.

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ISRO launches weather satellite INSAT-3DS to monitor Earth’s surface, oceans  

The Naughty Boy has now become a mature, obedient and disciplined boy like PSLV, and GSLV as they have become a very robust vehicle for ISRO, said Tomy Joseph.

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The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Saturday launched the INSAT-3DS mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota at 5:35 pm to monitor the Earth’s surface, observe the ocean and analyse the environment through various essential meteorological perspectives.

In its mission, the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) aimed to deploy the INSAT-3DS meteorological satellite into the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Subsequent orbit-raising maneuvers will ensure that the satellite is positioned in a Geo-stationary Orbit.

After being positioned in GSO, it will provide information on diverse atmospheric conditions via vertical profiles. INSAT-3DS will manage data collection and dissemination from Data Collection Platforms (DCPs). The satellite will help in search and rescue services.

Congratulating the team, ISRO Chairman S Somanath expressed his happiness over the successful accomplishment of the mission GSLV-F14 INSAT-3DS. He further said that the spacecraft has been injected into a very good orbit. The space agency has also noted that the vehicle has performed very well.

The INSAT-3DS Mission Director, Tomy Joseph sarcastically remarked, saying the Naughty Boy has now become a mature, obedient and disciplined boy like PSLV, and GSLV as they have become a very robust vehicle for ISRO.

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) is a launch vehicle with a length of 51.7 meters and a liftoff mass of 420 tonnes. It consists of three stages, the first stage (GS1) is made up of a solid propellant motor with 139-ton propellant and four earth-storable propellant stages (L40) strapons. Each strapon carries 40 tons of liquid propellant.

The second stage (GS2) is also an earth-storable propellant stage that carries 40-ton propellant, and the third stage (GS3) is a cryogenic stage with a 15-ton propellant loading of liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2).

To protect the satellite during the atmospheric regime, it is covered by an Ogive payload fairing. The GSLV is versatile and can be used to launch various spacecraft capable of performing communications, navigation, earth resource surveys, and other proprietary missions.

The launch of INSAT-3DS was a follow-on mission of Third Generation Meteorological Satellite from Geostationary Orbit. According to ISRO, the GSLV-F14/INSAT-3DS mission has been fully funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) and designed for enhanced meteorological observations and monitoring of land and ocean surfaces for weather forecasting and disaster warning.

The satellite will augment the Meteorological services along with the presently operational INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR satellites.

Notably, the services will be used by various departments of the MoES such as the India Meteorology Department (IMD), National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) and various other agencies.

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