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What is Indus Waters Treaty, and why India has suspended it now — explained

After the terror attack in Pahalgam, India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan, which had governed the sharing of six rivers since 1960.

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Indus Water Treaty

Following the recent terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir, which claimed 26 lives, India has taken a firm stance against Pakistan by suspending the Indus Waters Treaty—a critical water-sharing agreement that has been in place since 1960. The suspension is part of a broader diplomatic retaliation announced by the Indian government in response to cross-border terrorism.

A brief history of the Indus Waters Treaty

The Indus Waters Treaty was signed on September 19, 1960, after nearly a decade of negotiations. It was brokered with the support of the World Bank and signed by then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan’s Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan. The agreement was intended to resolve water-sharing rights over six rivers of the Indus system, which flow between the two countries.

Allocation of river waters under the treaty

The treaty divided control of the six common rivers between India and Pakistan:

  • Eastern rivers – Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi: Allocated entirely to India, allowing it unrestricted use of around 33 million acre feet (MAF) of water annually.
  • Western rivers – Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab: Assigned largely to Pakistan, with usage rights for approximately 135 MAF of water per year.

India retained limited rights on the western rivers, allowing it to build “run-of-the-river” hydroelectric projects under strict design and operational conditions, which Pakistan has the right to review and contest.

Cooperative mechanism and review structure

One of the key features of the treaty is the institutional framework it sets up:

  • The two nations each appoint a Permanent Indus Commissioner.
  • These commissioners are required to meet at least once annually, alternating between India and Pakistan.
  • The treaty has provisions for resolving disputes and technical issues through bilateral negotiations and, if necessary, third-party arbitration.

A scheduled meeting in March 2020 in New Delhi was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, illustrating the treaty’s vulnerability to external disruptions.

Why India suspended the treaty now

The Indian government cited the need for robust action following the Pahalgam terror strike, which India blames on Pakistan-based elements. In addition to diplomatic downgrades and expelling defence advisors from the Pakistan High Commission, the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty marks a significant diplomatic escalation. It signals a strategic pivot in how India intends to respond to cross-border aggression.

Preamble rooted in cooperation now under question

The treaty’s preamble emphasized “goodwill and friendship” and aimed to achieve optimal use of the Indus river system while ensuring peaceful conflict resolution. The decision to suspend the treaty throws into uncertainty a pact once considered a cornerstone of bilateral peace efforts.

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BJP to launch 5,000-km Parivartan Yatra across West Bengal ahead of Assembly elections

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BJP

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) will begin its large-scale ‘Parivartan Yatra’ in poll-bound West Bengal from Sunday, marking a major political outreach drive ahead of the upcoming Assembly elections.

The party said the campaign is designed to mobilise support across the state and counter what it alleges has been more than a decade of “corrupt, undemocratic, and anti-people governance” under the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC).

Statewide mobilisation across nine divisions

According to party leaders, the Yatra will be conducted simultaneously in all nine organisational divisions of West Bengal. The outreach programme is expected to cover nearly 5,000 kilometres, passing through 38 organisational districts and more than 230 Assembly constituencies.

The BJP estimates the initiative will generate over one crore direct public touchpoints, focusing heavily on face-to-face interactions and grassroots engagement. As part of the campaign plan, the party has scheduled 63 large rallies and 281 welcome meetings at key entry points of Assembly constituencies.

With the slogan “Paltano Dorkar, Chai BJP Sorkar”, the party has framed the Yatra as both an electoral campaign and a broader political movement aimed at strengthening its organisational presence across the state.

Focus on governance, law and order, and corruption

The party’s messaging during the Yatra will centre on governance, accountability, and systemic reforms. BJP leaders plan to raise concerns related to women’s safety, alleged corruption in the education sector, including teacher recruitment issues, and what they describe as threats to national security.

Party sources indicated that demographic changes, illegal infiltration, and the presence of extremist elements in border districts will also be key themes during the campaign.

In rural areas, the outreach will emphasise agricultural infrastructure, implementation of centrally sponsored schemes, and removal of intermediaries. In urban regions, the narrative will focus on industrial development, youth employment, and improvements in urban transport systems.

Senior leaders to participate

More than 100 senior leaders from the central and state units are expected to be involved in the Yatra. The inaugural phase, scheduled for Sunday and Monday, will feature five launch events on the first day and four on the second.

Senior BJP leaders including Amit Shah, JP Nadda, Rajnath Singh, Dharmendra Pradhan, Shivraj Singh Chouhan, and Nitin Nabin are expected to attend various programmes during the campaign.

After a short break for Holi, the Yatra will resume from March 5 to March 10, with each unit operating for approximately nine hours daily. The campaign is set to culminate in a major public meeting at Kolkata’s Brigade Ground, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi is scheduled to address supporters.

The BJP is positioning the Parivartan Yatra as a significant step in reshaping the political landscape of West Bengal as the state moves closer to the Assembly elections.

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BJP alliances in Assam likely to be sealed by March 10

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himanta

Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma has indicated that the alliance between the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) is expected to be finalised by March 10 ahead of the upcoming Assembly elections.

The AGP, a long-time ally of the BJP in Assam, is also a founding member of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Discussions between the partners are progressing, with indications that the formal announcement could come within days.

Sources said there could be “friendly fights” between the BJP and AGP in a few constituencies. Such arrangements may be considered to accommodate local-level aspirations and party workers from both sides.

The BJP is also likely to conclude seat-sharing discussions with the Bodoland People’s Front (BPF) by March 10. In the previous Assembly election, the BPF had aligned with the Indian National Congress (Congress), but it has now returned to the NDA fold.

However, seat-sharing talks between the BJP and its other Bodoland-region partner, the United People’s Party Liberal (UPPL), are reportedly facing hurdles. Earlier, Mr Sarma had stated that the UPPL would not join hands with the Congress.

On the opposition side, the Congress is dealing with its own alliance challenges. Negotiations with Akhil Gogoi-led Raijor Dal are underway, but sources suggested that discussions have not been progressing smoothly.

Congress sources said seat-sharing arrangements with the Assam Jatiya Parishad (AJP) and Left parties are almost finalised. An official announcement is awaited from the party’s high command.

As political negotiations intensify, both the ruling NDA and the opposition camp are working to conclude alliances and seat-sharing deals in the run-up to the state polls.

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Rohit Pawar alleges big personality link in Ajit Pawar plane crash case

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Nationalist Congress Party (SP) MLA Rohit Pawar on Thursday alleged that a “big personality” was connected to the company linked to the plane crash that killed his uncle, Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar, and others in Baramati last month.

Addressing reporters after holding a protest, Rohit Pawar demanded the resignation of Union Civil Aviation Minister K. Rammohan Naidu. He alleged that the minister’s party had financial links to the company involved in the crash and said he should step down from his post.

“The owner of VSR company is close to very powerful leaders. Many people in Maharashtra are connected to this. There is a clear attempt to protect VSR because some ‘big personality’ is involved in this,” Rohit Pawar said.

Demand for wider probe

The fatal aircraft accident occurred in Baramati on January 28. Following the incident, the investigation into the accidental deaths of Ajit Pawar and others was transferred to the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) of the Pune Police, considering the gravity of the case.

Rohit Pawar questioned the progress of the probe and said the public must be informed about the steps taken so far. He pointed out that the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) examines technical aspects of an aviation mishap, but not possible criminal angles.

Additional Director General of Police Sunil Ramanand said the CID investigation is exploring multiple aspects, including whether there was any foul play or sabotage behind the accident, whether criminal negligence played a role, and whether there was any larger conspiracy. He added that the AAIB report would be incorporated into the CID’s findings once received.

Family voices concerns

Referring to concerns raised by family members, Rohit Pawar said that Jay Pawar, Ajit Pawar’s son, had expressed doubts on social media regarding the aircraft’s black box. Sunetra Pawar, Ajit Pawar’s wife, has sought a probe by the Central Bureau of Investigation.

Speaking emotionally about his relationship with his uncle, Rohit Pawar said Ajit Pawar had guided him politically and personally. He added that Ajit Pawar had wished to reunite with Sharad Pawar and had recently spoken to him.

The CID continues its investigation, while awaiting the technical report from the AAIB.

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