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Obituary: UR Rao – pioneering satellite technologist and proponent of ‘ISRO Culture’

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UR Rao

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]~By Dinesh C Sharma

The Indian Space Research Organistaion (ISRO) is today counted among the best space agencies globally. Much of the credit for this goes to UR Rao who helped the agency master technology for making complex communication, weather and remote sensing satellites with limited resources and difficult circumstances such as technology denial.

Having started his career as a doctoral student of Vikram Sarabhai in 1954 at Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad, Udupi Ramachandra Rao spent his scientific career spanning almost half a century for developing and nurturing the Indian space programme. After a brief stint in America as a postdoc at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Rao returned to India at the behest of Sarabhai.

Throughout the 1960s, Sarabhai was feverishly trying to put together a plan for developing space technology applications in India after having successfully set up the sounding rocket facility at Thumba in Kerala. He asked Rao, who had worked on spacecraft systems while being at NASA, to prepare a blueprint for development of space technology in India. Then he asked Rao to implement the plan. The rest of Rao’s life was spent in doing so, beginning with the fabrication of India’s first satellite – Aryabhata – launched in April 1975.

Aryabhata, weighing 358 kg, was built from scratch by a young team of engineers and scientists put together by Rao at a newly created facility in the Peenya industrial estate in Bangalore. The facility later became the ISRO Satellite Centre with Rao as its founding director. The Soviets launched Aryabhata from the Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome, without charging any fee, purely as a friendly gesture. This was followed by launch of Bhaskara 1 and 2, and Rohini series of satellites.

If Aryabhata got a free launch from the Soviet Union, the first experimental communication satellite – Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE) – was launched for free on a development flight of Ariane vehicle of European Space Agency (ESA) from Kourou in 1981.

The American media ridiculed India’s foray into space when it was ridden with other problems as poverty. News weekly, Newsweek, carried a picture of APPLE being transported from the hanger to test center in a bullock cart with a caption ‘Collision of Centuries’. Many years later, Rao explained in an interview why the satellite was carried on a bullock cart: “We had to ship the satellite for EMC (Electromagnetic Interference/Capability) testing, and trucks made of metals were throwing off reflections that were affecting the satellite’s antenna. Then somebody hit on the idea of a bullock cart, which is made of wood. It worked perfectly.” 

With the experience gained from building experimental satellites in the 1970s, Rao came up with an ambitious idea of building larger communication, remote sensing and multi-purpose satellites with practical applications. Thus were born the legendary series of Indian satellites in the 1980s – the INSAT (Indian National Satellite) and IRS (India Remote Sensing Satellite) – which provided communication, broadcasting, weather and earth observation services to a variety of Indian users. Thus within two decades, Rao could demonstrate the applicability of space technology for national development, as envisioned by his mentor Sarabhai. This is despite the problems Rao was facing in the 1980s with successive failures of Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV).

In all, over 20 satellites were designed and launched under his guidance. Besides laying the foundation for self-reliance in satellite building, Rao is credited with building a new way of executing complex technology project – which many call the ‘ISRO Culture’. All space projects are complex, challenging, multi-disciplinary, time-critical, and – in the case of India – have to be executed with limited budget. Rao mastered this art. Leveraging his experience of working with NASA, Rao introduced a matrix management structure for managing projects by ensuring optimal use of available resources. The ISRO culture encompasses decentralized decision making for technology development, systems engineering, quality assurance, peer review and thorough failure assessment. Actually this is what differentiates ISRO from other scientific agencies in India.   

Rao came from a humble background. He was born in Udupi in Karnataka. “I saw a train for the first time when I had to go to Bellary for Intermediate. I had never seen a train because no trains used to come to Udupi. They used to come to Mangalore, which is about 58 km from Udupi. Udupi was a taluka at that time, but there were four rivers, at each river you had to take a boat to cross and then take another one. It was a big effort going to Bangalore from Udupi,” Rao had recalled in an interview a few years ago.

He first thought of space technology while doing M. Sc. at Banaras Hindu University. “I said I wanted to be a space scientist. I was not sure my own professor would have welcomed it because at that time space was not a hot subject, but I had a dream. The main thing is we must dream and then you have to just dedicate yourself for that.” (India Science Wire)[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]

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Union Minister Scindia slams Rahul Gandhi for Maharajas remark, Congress hits back

He argued that Gandhi’s remarks demonstrated a limited understanding of India’s past, accusing him of overlooking the positive contributions of several royal families to social reform and development.

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A sharp political clash erupted following Rahul Gandhi’s assertion that only Maharajas enjoyed rights in pre-independence India. Addressing a rally in Mhow, Gandhi claimed that Dalits, Adivasis (tribal people), and other backward castes lacked rights before independence, a stark contrast to the privileged position of royal families. He framed the BJP-RSS’s vision as a return to this pre-independence era, where, he alleged, only the ultra-wealthy like Adani and Ambani would hold sway, leaving the poor to suffer in silence. Gandhi’s speech was a powerful indictment of what he perceived as a regressive political agenda.

This statement immediately drew fire from Jyotiraditya Scindia, a BJP leader and former Congress member. Scindia, in a series of posts on X (formerly Twitter), directly challenged Gandhi’s historical narrative. He argued that Gandhi’s remarks demonstrated a limited understanding of India’s past, accusing him of overlooking the positive contributions of several royal families to social reform and development.

Scindia highlighted specific examples: the financial assistance provided by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad of Baroda to B.R. Ambedkar for his education, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj’s pioneering 50% reservation for backward castes in his governance as early as 1902, and Madhavrao I of Gwalior’s establishment of educational and employment centres across the Gwalior-Chambal region.

Scindia’s carefully chosen examples aimed to paint a picture of royal patronage of social justice, directly contradicting Gandhi’s narrative. His pointed criticism also served as a personal attack, emphasizing the perceived hypocrisy of a leader from a prominent royal family criticizing the historical role of other such families.

The Congress responded swiftly and forcefully to Scindia’s critique. Pawan Khera, the party’s media and publicity head, launched a counter-offensive, accusing Scindia of conveniently overlooking the darker aspects of the royal families’ history. Khera’s response emphasized the often-overlooked collaboration between many royal families and the British Raj, highlighting their loyalty to colonial rule and the economic privileges they enjoyed even after India’s independence.

He pointed to the substantial tax-free allowances granted to the Gwalior royal family (₹2.5 million in 1950), continuing until 1971, as a direct consequence of their privileged status within the pre-independent and early independent Indian states. Khera’s argument challenged the selective portrayal of royal benevolence, underscoring the enduring economic and political power imbalances that persisted well into the post-independence era.

Furthermore, Khera brought up the contentious issue of a royal family’s alleged involvement in Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination, reminding the public of the complex and often morally ambiguous legacy of many royal houses. He also quoted Jawaharlal Nehru’s rejection of the “divine right of kings” in a Constituent Assembly speech, showcasing the Congress’s historical commitment to dismantling the hierarchical power structures of the past.

Khera’s counter-narrative skillfully framed the debate as a struggle between a vision of inclusive democracy and the remnants of feudal privilege. He cleverly deployed Subhadra Kumari Chauhan’s poem on the Rani of Jhansi, subtly referencing the Scindias’ alleged alliance with the British, to add a layer of pointed historical critique to his response.

The exchange between Scindia and Khera transcended a simple disagreement over historical interpretation. It revealed deep-seated political fault lines and competing narratives about India’s past and the nature of its present-day political landscape. It also highlighted the ongoing debate about the legacy of princely states in independent India and the delicate balance between recognizing past contributions and acknowledging historical injustices. The intense rhetoric used by both sides underscored the high stakes involved in shaping public perception of India’s history and its implications for contemporary politics.

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After Coldplay India tour, PM Modi pushes for live concerts

This includes not only the venues themselves but also the logistical support systems necessary to handle large-scale events smoothly and efficiently. The development of a skilled workforce, capable of managing all aspects of concert production and promotion, is equally vital.

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi has pointed to the phenomenal success of Coldplay’s recent concerts in Mumbai and Ahmedabad as a prime example of India’s burgeoning live music market. The sold-out shows, drawing massive crowds and widespread acclaim, showcased the immense potential for growth in the “concert economy,” a sector the Prime Minister believes is ripe for significant expansion.

Modi’s comments, made at the ‘Utkarsh Odisha – Make in Odisha Conclave 2025’, emphasized the need for coordinated efforts from both state governments and the private sector. He stressed the importance of investing in crucial infrastructure improvements and skills development to fully realize this potential.

This includes not only the venues themselves but also the logistical support systems necessary to handle large-scale events smoothly and efficiently. The development of a skilled workforce, capable of managing all aspects of concert production and promotion, is equally vital.

The Coldplay concerts, part of their Music of the Spheres World Tour, served as a compelling case study. The seamless organization and vibrant atmosphere were widely praised, underscoring the potential for India to become a major player in the global live music industry. The concerts weren’t merely successful musical events; they were significant cultural moments.

Chris Martin’s engaging interactions with the audience, incorporating Hindi, Marathi, and Gujarati, created a unique connection, demonstrating cultural sensitivity and enhancing the overall experience. The inclusion of patriotic songs like “Vande Mataram” and “Maa Tujhe Salaam” during the Ahmedabad concert, coinciding with Republic Day, further cemented the events’ resonance with the Indian public.

The presence of numerous celebrities, including Bollywood stars and prominent sports figures, added to the concerts’ high profile and contributed to the widespread media coverage. This amplified the message about India’s potential as a significant player in the international concert circuit.

Coldplay’s return to India, after their 2016 performance at the Global Citizen Festival, highlights the growing appeal of the country as a destination for major international artists. This positive trajectory suggests a bright future for India’s “concert economy,” a sector that Modi believes can be significantly boosted with strategic investment and planning.

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UP: 7 killed, 40 injured in stage collapse at Jain religious event in Baghpat

The incident serves as a stark reminder of the importance of stringent safety regulations and robust structural assessments for temporary structures used in large-scale public events.

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A tragic accident marred a Jain Nirvana festival in Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, on Tuesday, resulting in the deaths of seven people and injuries to at least forty others, including women and children. The incident occurred during a laddu ceremony, a significant ritual in Jainism involving the offering of sweetmeats.

The cause of the tragedy was the collapse of a makeshift stage constructed from bamboo and wood. Hundreds of devotees had gathered to participate in the ceremony and offer laddoos to Lord Adinath, a revered figure in Jainism, in the presence of Jain monks. The weight of the crowd overwhelmed the temporary structure, leading to its catastrophic failure and the subsequent injuries and fatalities.

Eyewitness accounts paint a picture of chaos and panic as the stage gave way, trapping dozens of people beneath the debris. The rapid response of local authorities was crucial in mitigating the aftermath. According to district authorities, 108 ambulances were already on standby at the festival, allowing for immediate transport of the injured to hospitals for treatment. Senior police officials and other emergency personnel swiftly arrived on the scene to manage the situation and coordinate rescue efforts.

Baghpat’s District Magistrate, Asmita Lal, confirmed the casualties and provided an update on the injured. She stated that at least forty individuals had sustained injuries and were receiving medical attention, while twenty had been discharged after receiving first aid. The scale of the disaster highlights the inherent risks associated with inadequate structural integrity at large public gatherings.

Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath expressed his condolences and directed district officials to provide comprehensive medical care to the injured, ensuring that no effort is spared in their treatment and recovery. The incident serves as a stark reminder of the importance of stringent safety regulations and robust structural assessments for temporary structures used in large-scale public events.

Investigations into the cause of the stage collapse are likely to follow, focusing on the materials used, the construction methods, and the overall safety protocols in place. The tragedy underscores the need for heightened safety measures to prevent similar incidents in the future.

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