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Obituary: UR Rao – pioneering satellite technologist and proponent of ‘ISRO Culture’

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UR Rao

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]~By Dinesh C Sharma

The Indian Space Research Organistaion (ISRO) is today counted among the best space agencies globally. Much of the credit for this goes to UR Rao who helped the agency master technology for making complex communication, weather and remote sensing satellites with limited resources and difficult circumstances such as technology denial.

Having started his career as a doctoral student of Vikram Sarabhai in 1954 at Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad, Udupi Ramachandra Rao spent his scientific career spanning almost half a century for developing and nurturing the Indian space programme. After a brief stint in America as a postdoc at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Rao returned to India at the behest of Sarabhai.

Throughout the 1960s, Sarabhai was feverishly trying to put together a plan for developing space technology applications in India after having successfully set up the sounding rocket facility at Thumba in Kerala. He asked Rao, who had worked on spacecraft systems while being at NASA, to prepare a blueprint for development of space technology in India. Then he asked Rao to implement the plan. The rest of Rao’s life was spent in doing so, beginning with the fabrication of India’s first satellite – Aryabhata – launched in April 1975.

Aryabhata, weighing 358 kg, was built from scratch by a young team of engineers and scientists put together by Rao at a newly created facility in the Peenya industrial estate in Bangalore. The facility later became the ISRO Satellite Centre with Rao as its founding director. The Soviets launched Aryabhata from the Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome, without charging any fee, purely as a friendly gesture. This was followed by launch of Bhaskara 1 and 2, and Rohini series of satellites.

If Aryabhata got a free launch from the Soviet Union, the first experimental communication satellite – Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE) – was launched for free on a development flight of Ariane vehicle of European Space Agency (ESA) from Kourou in 1981.

The American media ridiculed India’s foray into space when it was ridden with other problems as poverty. News weekly, Newsweek, carried a picture of APPLE being transported from the hanger to test center in a bullock cart with a caption ‘Collision of Centuries’. Many years later, Rao explained in an interview why the satellite was carried on a bullock cart: “We had to ship the satellite for EMC (Electromagnetic Interference/Capability) testing, and trucks made of metals were throwing off reflections that were affecting the satellite’s antenna. Then somebody hit on the idea of a bullock cart, which is made of wood. It worked perfectly.” 

With the experience gained from building experimental satellites in the 1970s, Rao came up with an ambitious idea of building larger communication, remote sensing and multi-purpose satellites with practical applications. Thus were born the legendary series of Indian satellites in the 1980s – the INSAT (Indian National Satellite) and IRS (India Remote Sensing Satellite) – which provided communication, broadcasting, weather and earth observation services to a variety of Indian users. Thus within two decades, Rao could demonstrate the applicability of space technology for national development, as envisioned by his mentor Sarabhai. This is despite the problems Rao was facing in the 1980s with successive failures of Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV).

In all, over 20 satellites were designed and launched under his guidance. Besides laying the foundation for self-reliance in satellite building, Rao is credited with building a new way of executing complex technology project – which many call the ‘ISRO Culture’. All space projects are complex, challenging, multi-disciplinary, time-critical, and – in the case of India – have to be executed with limited budget. Rao mastered this art. Leveraging his experience of working with NASA, Rao introduced a matrix management structure for managing projects by ensuring optimal use of available resources. The ISRO culture encompasses decentralized decision making for technology development, systems engineering, quality assurance, peer review and thorough failure assessment. Actually this is what differentiates ISRO from other scientific agencies in India.   

Rao came from a humble background. He was born in Udupi in Karnataka. “I saw a train for the first time when I had to go to Bellary for Intermediate. I had never seen a train because no trains used to come to Udupi. They used to come to Mangalore, which is about 58 km from Udupi. Udupi was a taluka at that time, but there were four rivers, at each river you had to take a boat to cross and then take another one. It was a big effort going to Bangalore from Udupi,” Rao had recalled in an interview a few years ago.

He first thought of space technology while doing M. Sc. at Banaras Hindu University. “I said I wanted to be a space scientist. I was not sure my own professor would have welcomed it because at that time space was not a hot subject, but I had a dream. The main thing is we must dream and then you have to just dedicate yourself for that.” (India Science Wire)[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]

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Farm loan waiver: Eknath Shinde says Maharashtra govt committed to fulfilling all poll promises, day after Ajit Pawar’s state’s financial constraints remark

His statements came shortly after Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister Ajit Pawar had remarked on the necessity for farmers to manage their finances effectively rather than wait for potential relief from loan waivers.

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Maharashtra’s Deputy Chief Minister Eknath Shinde said on Saturday that the government is committed to fulfilling every promise made in its election manifesto, a day after a controversial remark by his cabinet colleague, Ajit Pawar, who suggested that farmers should not expect a waiver on crop loans and should instead pay their dues on time due to the state’s financial limitations.

Shinde emphasized the importance of maintaining a balanced state budget, asserting that there should be sufficient funding for welfare programs, development projects, and employee salaries.

He announced plans to increase the monthly aid for women under the Ladki Bahin Yojana from ₹1,500 to ₹2,100, contingent on the improvement of the state’s financial situation.

His statements came shortly after Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister Ajit Pawar had remarked on the necessity for farmers to manage their finances effectively rather than wait for potential relief from loan waivers.

“We will honor every commitment stated in our manifesto. No promise will be ignored, and we will never consider it a mistake in printing,” Shinde, who is also the leader of Shiv Sena, told reporters when responding to inquiries about Pawar’s comments.

While visiting the samadhi of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj in Vadhu, Pune district, on the anniversary of his death, Shinde reiterated the government’s ongoing support for agriculture over the last two and a half years.

He noted that the government had provided ₹16,000 crore in relief for farmers suffering from crop damage due to unseasonal rains.

He also pointed out the allocation of ₹45,000 crore for related agricultural initiatives and mentioned current programs like the Shetkari Samman Yojana and Crop Insurance Scheme, underscoring the government’s dedication to the agricultural sector.

In response to questions about the planned increase in aid under the Ladki Bahin Yojana, Shinde assured that “as soon as the state’s economic conditions improve, our sisters will receive ₹2,100. We will keep our promises.”

Moreover, he emphasized the need for funding across all areas, including welfare initiatives, development, and personnel wages. He expressed confidence that enhanced investments would strengthen the state’s financial position.

Defending the Saugat-e-Modi scheme against opposition criticisms, Shinde highlighted that programs initiated by the Prime Minister have successfully lifted 35 crore individuals out of poverty and provided free rations to 80 crore people across various communities.

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India launches Operation Brahma, sends 80 NDRF personnel to quake-hit Myanmar

“Rescue dogs trained in detecting survivors under debris are also part of the mission,” an official said, adding that operations will follow protocols of the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG).

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India is dispatching an 80-member National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) team to assist in relief operations following a powerful earthquake that struck Myanmar and Thailand on Friday. The disaster has claimed over 1,000 lives in Myanmar, with rescue workers struggling to reach survivors trapped under collapsed buildings.

Under Operation Brahma, the NDRF contingent is being airlifted from Hindon Airbase in Ghaziabad aboard two Indian Air Force (IAF) aircraft. The team, led by Commandant P.K. Tiwary of the 8th NDRF Battalion, includes specialized urban search and rescue (USAR) personnel equipped with concrete cutters, drilling machines, and seismic listening devices.

“Rescue dogs trained in detecting survivors under debris are also part of the mission,” an official said, adding that operations will follow protocols of the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG).

In addition to manpower, India has airlifted 15 tonnes of emergency relief supplies to Yangon aboard an IAF C-130J transport aircraft. Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed solidarity with Myanmar, stating, “India stands ready to provide all possible assistance to our neighboring nation in this hour of crisis.”

In Mandalay, Myanmar’s cultural capital, devastation is widespread. A 7.7-magnitude quake—shallow and destructive—flattened buildings, including the 12-story Sky Villa Condominium, now halved in height with nearly 100 residents feared trapped.

Exhausted local rescuers scrambled through rubble, with time running out. At one site, a monastery’s collapsed clock tower bore silent witness, its hands frozen at 12:55 PM—minutes after the quake struck.

This marks India’s third major overseas NDRF deployment, following the 2015 Nepal earthquake and 2023 Türkiye-Syria quake. 

China is set to offer Myanmar aid valued at 100 million yuan (approximately $13.77 million) following a devastating earthquake that claimed over 1,000 lives, as announced by its embassy on Saturday, March 29.

This assistance will consist of tents, blankets, emergency medical kits, food, water, and other vital supplies, with the initial shipment scheduled to arrive on March 31, according to a post on the Chinese embassy’s Facebook page.

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Mumbai Indians vs Gujarat Titans: Hardik Pandya’s comeback and Jos Buttler’s role in focus after opening losses

Gujarat Titans and Mumbai Indians face off in IPL 2025, both looking to bounce back from opening defeats. Hardik Pandya returns to boost MI’s chances.

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Hardik Pandya

Mumbai Indians and Gujarat Titans, both coming from their opening losses, are set to lock horn against each other at Gujarat’s Narendra Modi stadium Stadium on Saturday. The statake of both the teams would be really high as when they took to the field as they aim to avoid a second consecutive loss and stay competitive in the league standings.

Mumbai Indians, despite a fighting debut from Vignesh Puthur, fell short against Chennai Super Kings in their tournament opener. While Gujarat Titans found themselves outplayed, with their bowling exposed by Shreyas Iyer and Shashank Singh. Their batting, though promising in the chase, faltered under pressure at a critical stage.

Adding intrigue to this matchup is the return of Hardik Pandya to the Mumbai Indians playing XI. The former GT captain, who led them to their title triumph in 2022, is back after serving a suspension. His inclusion is expected to bring balance to the side with both bat and ball, potentially replacing Satyanarayana Raju in the XI. Mumbai may also consider rotating their overseas picks, with options open to drop either Ryan Rickelton or Will Jacks to strengthen their bowling attack.

Gujarat Titans, on the other hand, may rethink their middle-order strategy. The exclusion of Glenn Phillips in the first match raised eyebrows, especially with the middle-order failing to capitalize. Phillips could slot in at No. 4, offering explosive batting, a handy bowling option, and exceptional fielding. However, Sherfane Rutherford’s impactful 46(28) might make the selection call a tough one.

A major highlight will be the early contest between Mumbai’s pace spearhead Trent Boult and GT’s top-order trio — Shubman Gill, Sai Sudharsan, and Jos Buttler. GT’s strength lies at the top, and surviving Boult’s opening spell will be critical for their chances.

Both teams have quality in their line-ups but are still searching for rhythm and the right combinations. A win here could spark momentum, while a second loss might push either team into early pressure in a tightly packed table.

Probable Playing Xis:

Mumbai Indians: Rohit Sharma, Ryan Rickelton (wk), Will Jacks, Suryakumar Yadav, Tilak Varma, Hardik Pandya (c), Naman Dhir, Mitchell Santner, Deepak Chahar, Trent Boult, Vignesh Puthur

Gujarat Titans: Shubman Gill (c), Sai Sudharsan, Jos Buttler (wk), Glenn Phillips, Shahrukh Khan, Rahul Tewatia, Rashid Khan, Sai Kishore, Kagiso Rabada, Mohammed Siraj, Prasidh Krishna

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