War has broken out in South East Asia Violence between Thailand and Cambodia. The violence began at the Thai-Cambodia border on Thursday, resulting in 15 casualties, near the Ta Muen Thom temple in Thailand’s Surin Province.
Thai authorities accused Cambodia of starting the war by using drones to conduct aerial surveillance near Thai military outposts. Attempts at de-escalation by the Thai military failed, leading to heavy exchange of fire in self-defence around 8:20 AM local time. Cambodia, however, claims Thailand infringed upon its sovereignty.
The clashes featuring small arms fire, rocket attacks, artillery shelling, and airstrikes persisted into Friday along the long-contested border. While the countries have had occasional disputes that quickly de-escalated, this confrontation is the most violent in over a decade.
Thai authorities triggered a Level 4 threat, proceeding with a full closure of border checkpoints. The Thai interior ministry reported that the conflict has disrupted four provinces, with 40,000 civilians being evacuated from 86 villages. It added that 106,672 people were forced to seek shelter because of the conflict. On the Cambodian front, families in the bordering villages moved away with their belongings in homemade tractors from the border, settling into makeshift camps.
The trigger switch of the conflict was a landmine blast on Wednesday, which injured five Thai soldiers. Thai authorities claimed Cambodia laid new Russian-made mines, a claim which Cambodia dismissed as baseless accusations, blaming leftover artillery from previous conflicts.
The Emerald Triangle, home to several ancient temples, is at the heart of the conflict. The border dispute stems from the controversy surrounding the demarcation between Cambodia and Thailand by the French in the colonial era.
According to the French-drawn map, Ta Muen Thom Temple, a Khmer Hindu complex, falls under Cambodian territory—a decision initially accepted and then argued by Thailand. In 1962, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) sided with Cambodia, ordering Thailand to withdraw its troops and return any artefacts removed after 1954. In 2011, the ICJ reaffirmed Cambodia’s position, noting that Thailand had previously accepted the boundary map following a clash. This ruling was further upheld by the ICJ in 2013.
The diplomatic fallout was set in motion when Cambodia’s senior leader Hun Sen leaked a phone conversation between him and Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra about the disputed border in June. Shinawatra referred to Hun as “uncle” while criticising one of her military commanders. She was subsequently suspended with Phumtham Wechayachai being installed as the acting Prime Minister. The reasons behind Hun Sen’s actions are unclear, especially since the two families shared a decades-long friendship.